Blogging through Invitation to Sociology (2023)

1) Summarize  Demography  is the study of human population dynamics. It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging. Demographic analysis can relate to whole societies or to smaller groups defined by criteria such as education, religion, or ethnicity. Fertility , in demography, refers to the ability of females to produce healthy offspring.  Fecundity  is the potential reproductive capacity of a female. Some of the more common demographic measures used in relation to fertility and/or fecundity include: crude birth rate : the annual number of live births per thousand people general fertility rate : the annual number of live births per 1000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44). age-specific fertility  rate: the annual number of live births per 1000 women in particular age groups (usually ag...

 1) Summarize  A technology is a collection of technologies, methods, or processes used to produce a good or service or to achieve a goal, such as scientific research. A well-known example of modern technology is the mobile phone. Mobile phones made it possible to make calls without being directly connected to a telephone line, a technology that preceded mobile phones. 2) Interesting point One of the things I'm most interested in is that while social networks have many benefits, such as developing business networks or keeping in touch with friends and family who live far away, one of the criticisms of social networks is that they provide a history of objectionable behavior that can cause problems later in life. 3) Discussion point How will not having technology affect our lives, what can we do and what can we not do?

 1) Summarize  A race is a population that is believed to be different from the rest of humanity in some way based on real or imagined physical differences. Ethnicity, though related to race, does not refer to physical characteristics, but rather to social characteristics shared by all human beings. Some social characteristics commonly used in racial classifications include: nationality tribe Religious belief Shared language Shared culture Common tradition Racism may refer to any or all of the following beliefs and practices: -Race is a major determinant of human ability (bias or prejudice) -One race is intrinsically superior or inferior to another (prejudice or prejudice) -Individuals should be treated differently according to their racial classification (prejudice or prejudice) -Actual differential treatment of individuals based on racial classification (discrimination) 2) Interesting point One of the things that interest me most is that racial discrimination is and has been...

1) Summarize   Sexism is discrimination against people based on their perceived sex or gender. Sexism can refer to four subtly different beliefs or attitudes: Believe that there are only two genders. The belief that one gender is superior to the other. The belief that men and women (and other genders) are very different should be strongly reflected in society, language, sexual rights, and laws. It can also refer to simple hatred of men (misogyny) or women (misogyny) or transgender people (transphobia). Socialization is the process of passing on norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors to prospective group members 2) Interesting point I'm most interested in that gender differences (whether reflected in later physiology or not) often vary by society, environment, historical context, and/or culture, suggesting that they are social constructs. E.g. But studies of transgender people show that these differences are often the result of how women and men are treated differently in the workpl...

  1) Summarize  Social inequality occurs when resources are unevenly distributed in a given society, usually through distribution norms that produce specific patterns according to socially defined categories of people. Social inequality is related to economic inequality and is often described in terms of unequal distribution of income or wealth; This is a type of social inequality that is often studied. There are five systems or types of social inequality: wealth inequality, treatment and responsibility inequality, political inequality, life inequality and membership inequality. Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of social class, wealth and political influence. A society can be politically stratified by authority and power, economically stratified by income level and wealth, and occupationally stratified by one's occupation. For example, some roles such as doctors, engineers, lawyers, etc. rank high, so they give orders, while the rest take them. There are ...

 1) Summarize  Social stratification is when a society divides its people into groups (social and political) based on socioeconomic factors such as wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power. Thus, stratification is the relative social status of people within a social group, category, geographic area, or social unit. Social stratification is based on four principles. First, social stratification is defined by society as the property of society rather than the individuals within that society. Second, social stratification is transmitted from generation to generation. Third, social stratification is universal (it occurs in every society) but variable (it varies by time and place). Fourth, social stratification involves not only quantitative inequality but also qualitative beliefs and attitudes about social status. 2) Interesting point Weber introduces three independent factors that make up his theory of hierarchical hierarchy,...

 1) Summarize  Dramaturgy is a sociological perspective often used in micro-sociological descriptions of social interactions in everyday life. ( The term was originally adapted from theatre into sociology by Erving Goffman, who developed most of its terms and ideas in his 1956 book Self-Presentation in Everyday Life.) According to Goffman, there are seven important factors in acting:  Believe in the role one is playing : Belief is important, even if it cannot be judged by others; The audience can only try to guess whether the performer is sincere or cynical. Front (or "mask"): Standardized, generalizable, and transferable techniques used by performers to control the way the audience perceives them. We wear different masks all our lives. Dramatic realization : Depict aspects of the performer that they want the audience to know. When performers want to emphasize something, they will carry it out dramatically, for example, to show how accomplished a person is when datin...

 1) Summarize  Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory developed from practical considerations that implies that humans use shared language to create common signs and meanings for interpersonal and interpersonal communication. Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead and Charles Houghton Cooley. Mead argued that people's egos are social products, but those egos are also purposeful and creative, and argued that the true test of any theory is that it "helps solve complex social problems." Three assumptions underlie symbolic interactionism:  Individuals construct meaning through the process of communication. Self-concept is the motivation for behavior. There is a unique relationship between the individual and society. 2) Interesting point What I'm most interested in is that after defining some of the basic assumptions of symbolic interactionism, it's necessary to address the premises that each of these assumptions supports.  1) "Humans ...

 1) Summarize  A social network is a social structure consisting of a group of social participants (such as an individual or an organization), a set of binary relationships, and other social interactions between participants.  Social networks and their analysis are an interdisciplinary academic field derived from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. In the late 1890s, Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonis both foreshadowed the concept of social networks in their theories and studies of social groups In the 1930s, several groups in psychology, anthropology, and mathematics worked independently and could see significant developments in the field. By the 1970s, a growing number of scholars were working to combine different tracks and traditions. Since the late 1990s, social network analysis has experienced the work of sociologists, political scientists, and physicists. 2) Interesting point One of the things I'm most interested in is that the nuances of lo...

 1) Summarize  Social structure  refers to the enduring relationships or bonds between individuals or groups of individuals. - Entities or groups that have a definite relationship with each other,   -Relatively persistent patterns of behavior and relationships in society, or   -Social institutions and norms are embedded in social systems and thus shape the behavior of actors in those social systems. The social structure is defined as (I) To determine the relationship between entities or groups, (ii) persistent patterns of behavior between participants in social institutions, and (iii) Construct institutionalized norms or cognitive frameworks for actors' actions in the social system Sociologists also distinguish between: Structure - specification (sociology) between a given structure (organization) | modes of relationships between people of different social statuses of specification and operation mode Ideal Structure - the pattern of relationships between people...

  1) Summarize  Deviance  is any behavior that violates cultural norms.  Sociological interest in deviance involves measuring formal deviance.  Psychological and biological explanations.  Social-Strain Typology, Structural-Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Labeling Theory.  Crime statistics are usually data collected by governments to report incidents of criminal activity.  Social control refers to the various means a society uses to bring its members back into conformity with cultural norms. There are two general types of social control: Formal social control refers to the components of society designed to resocialize individuals who violate formal rules; Examples include prisons and mental health facilities. Informal social control refers to social elements aimed at strengthening informal cultural norms; Examples might include parents reminding their children not to pick their noses. 2) Interesting point One of the things I think is i...

1) Summarize  Socialization is a basic sociological concept, that includes many elements. While not every sociologist will agree on which elements are most important, or even how to define some elements of socialization, the elements outlined below should help clarify what socialization means. Arnett, in presenting a new theoretical understanding of socialization (see below), outlined what he believes to be the three goals of socialization:   1: impulse control and the development of a conscience   2:role preparation and performance, including occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood   3: the cultivation of sources of meaning, or what is important, valued, and to be lived for 2) Interesting point One of the most common methods used to illustrate the importance of socialization is to use the few unfortunate cases of children who were not socialized by adults due to neglect, misfortune, or deliberate abuse while growi...

1) Summarize   A government is a system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. Plato in his book The Republic divided governments into five basic types (four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech"): Aristocracy (rule by law and order, like ideal traditional "benevolent" kingdoms that aren't tyrannical) Timocracy (rule by honor and duty, like a "benevolent" military; Sparta as an example) Oligarchy (rule by wealth and market-based-ethics, like a free-trading capitalist state) Democracy (rule by pure liberty and equality, like a free citizen) Tyranny (rule by fear, like a despot) 2) Interesting point My interesting point is that the government is usually organized into different agencies, which comprise the various branches of government, each with specific powers, functions, obligations, and responsibilities. The distribution of power among these agencies varies betwe...

1) Summarize  Politics is the process by which a group of people make socioeconomic decisions, while political rights are a right held by a group in society that allows that group to manage the distribution of public resources, including labor and wealth. Max Weber identified and distinguished three types of legitimate authority. •The first type discussed by Weber is  Rational-legal  authority. •The second type of authority is  Traditional  authority •  The third form of authority is  Charismatic  authority.  Type of government Monarchy,  Democracy， Totalitarianism， Oligarchy， Communist State， Theocracy 2) Interesting point I think it's interesting that in any political system that allows voting, some people are more likely to vote than others. Moreover, some people are more likely to attain political power than others. For example, gender inequality, age inequality, race inequality, class inequality. 3) Discussion point What do you thin...

  1) Summarize   Economic sociology is the study of the social causality of various economic phenomena. The field can be roughly divided into the classical period and the contemporary period and is known as "new economic sociology".  The period of contemporary economic sociology is often called new economic sociology. The concept states that economic relationships between individuals or firms occur within existing social relationships (and are therefore constructed from those relationships and the larger social structure to which they belong) Socioeconomic factors of environmental change •Deforestation •Pollution •Natural disasters •Households •Conclusion 2) Interesting point What I think is interesting is that socio-economic systems at the regional level are the ways in which social and economic factors interact within local communities and families. These systems have a significant impact on the environment through deforestation , pollution , natural disasters , and ene...

  1) Summarize  Economy refers to the way people use the environment to meet material needs. It is an economic system that has been realized in a country or elsewhere. It includes the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and services in the region. Capitalism is an economic and social system in which capital and non-labor factors of production or means of production are privately controlled; Labor, goods and capital are traded on the market; Profits are acquired or invested in technology and industry; Wages are paid to labour. Socialism refers to various theories of economic organization, which advocate that public or direct workers own and manage the distribution of means of production and resources, as well as a society characterized by equal access to resources. Socialism refers to various theories of economic organization, which advocate that public or direct workers own and manage the distribution of means of production and resources, as well as a s...

Commodification of wood carving In fact, the situation described above is a thing of the past. It's not completely changed, but there are a few exceptions now with the penetration of the monetary economy. These changes, presumably, began in the 1960s, when farmers in Zafimaniri began selling crafts. The artefacts were originally purchased by Catholic priests in France to minimize food shortages during bad harvests. Also, around the same time, the museum affiliated with the Antananarivo University, Madagascar's largest institution of higher learning, began collecting specimens from all over Madagascar, and the "folk arts" inherited from the mountains were also extensively collected. As a result, the exquisite wood carvings of Zafimaniri were first recognized overseas and later by the wealthy class in China. The penetration of monetary economy has brought the following effects to the production of wood carving. 1. Before the beginning of professional commercialization, ...

  1) Summarize  Sociology of religion is the study of religious belief, practice and organization using the tools and methods of sociology. The sociology of religion differs from the philosophy of religion in that it does not aim to evaluate the validity of religious belief. Durkheim, Marx and Weber had very complex and developed theories about the nature and influence of religion. Among them, Durkheim and Weber are generally more difficult to understand, and religion is considered an extremely important social variable in the work of the three. 2) Interesting point One point of interest to me is that rationalists reject phenomenological and functionalist approaches that fail to understand why believers in non-scientific knowledge systems think their ideas are correct.   Rationalists say that one cannot explain forms of knowledge in terms of the beneficial psychological or societal effects that an outside observer may see them as producing and emphasize the importanc...

1) Summarize  Sociologists study religion in the same way they study other social institutions, such as education or government. The main aim is to understand religion, but while trying to understand religion, it is also trying to predict what religion will eventually do (or what religion will become). Three general definitions have been proposed for the study of religion.  Sacred vs. Profane Perhaps the most widely known definition of religion is the one proposed by Emile Durkheim.  According to Durkheim, the definition of religion depends on the distinction between sacred things (which have nothing to do with everyday life) and secular things (which are everyday things in society). What constitutes religion are the sacred elements of social life. Religion as existence is doubtful Another definition of religion used by social scientists (especially social psychologists) sees religion as any attempt to answer existential questions (e.g., "Is there life after death?" ) Thi...

  Free-culture  1) Summarize  The free Culture Movement is a social movement that advocates using the Internet or other media to spread and modify all kinds of free content works. The movement opposes current overly restrictive copyright laws, which many campaigners say have stifled creativity, and calls the system a "culture of licensing".  The article tells how the liberal culture movement took shape from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. 2) Interesting point Today, the term Free Culture Movement is closely associated with many other movements, such as Hacker Culture, Knowledge Without Boundaries, and empowerment. The term "free culture" comes from the 2003 World Information Society Summit. The World Summit on Information Society used the term to present the first public license for artists, the "free art license" drafted and developed by the French advocacy group for Rights in 2001. The term was further developed in Lawrence Reziger's 2004 bo...