Culture

 It is true that there is no universally agreed-upon definition of culture in the social sciences. Different scholars and disciplines may have varying perspectives on what constitutes culture. Different cultures may have different values and beliefs, but it is not accurate to say that all cultures universally value the sanctity of human life. Cultural values can vary significantly across different societies.

 While many major world religions emphasize peace, neighborliness, and charity, it is important to recognize that there can be variations within each religion and differences between religions. The World Values Survey provides valuable insights into cultural values across different countries, but it is important to recognize that these surveys capture general trends and cannot fully represent the complexity and diversity of individual cultures. Societies can indeed vary in terms of their emphasis on traditional values, parent-child ties, authority, and national pride. However, it is essential to acknowledge that cultures are not fixed and can change over time.

 Globalization has had a profound impact on societies, facilitating increased interconnectedness and cultural exchange. It has led to both positive and negative consequences, influencing cultural values, social norms, and the dynamics of societies. Ethnocentrism, the belief that one's own culture is superior to others, has been prevalent in many societies throughout history. However, there is growing recognition and efforts to promote cultural diversity, tolerance, and acceptance of different values and beliefs.

 Over time, some cultures that may have been less accepted in the past have become more widely accepted in Korea. Examples can include certain forms of music, fashion trends, or cultural practices that were initially seen as deviant but gained recognition and acceptance. The commodification of values, such as the transformation of education into a commodity, is an example of how cultural symbols and practices can be influenced by economic systems and market forces. Remixing culture, whether through music, art, or other forms of expression, is a common phenomenon that involves taking existing symbols and transforming them into new meanings or contexts. The concept of cognitive surplus, as proposed by Clay Shirky, suggests that society has an unprecedented ability to express themselves and contribute constructively to the world through collaborative online tools. However, I think it is important to recognize that not all individuals may have equal access to these opportunities.

 Also, deviance is a complex concept influenced by cultural norms and social context. What is considered deviant in one society or subculture may be normative in another. Subcultures exist within larger cultures and often represent specific groups or communities that differentiate themselves based on shared interests, beliefs, or characteristics. These can include regional, ethnic, age-based, or other subcultures.